Thermoelectric refrigeration systems cool by passing current through?

Thermoelectric refrigeration systems operate on the principle of the Peltier effect, which involves the transfer of heat between two different types of materials when an electric current flows through them. In this technology, semiconductors are key components because they can exhibit significant thermoelectric effects.

Semiconductors possess unique electronic properties that allow them to efficiently convert electrical energy into a thermal gradient. When current flows through a thermoelectric couple made of two different semiconductor materials, one side absorbs heat and cools down, while the other side dissipates heat and becomes warmer. This creates a cooling effect suitable for refrigeration applications.

In contrast, metals and typical conductive materials like copper coils do not exhibit the same level of thermoelectric efficiency and are primarily used for conducting electricity and heat rather than facilitating refrigeration mechanisms. Therefore, the correct choice highlights the crucial role semiconductors play in the functionality of thermoelectric refrigeration systems.